Configurable modular connectors

ABSTRACT

A modular optical connector includes a plurality of coupled optical ferrule support modules. Each optical ferrule support module comprises module connecting features configured to couple each ferrule support module with one or more neighboring ferrule support modules of the plurality of ferrule support modules. One or more optical ferrules are disposed and configured to rotate within the ferrule support module. Each optical ferrule includes a first attachment area configured to attach to one or more optical waveguides. One or more passageways are disposed within the ferrule support module. Each passageway is configured to receive the one or more optical waveguides. The passageway comprises a second attachment area configured to attach to the optical waveguides that are attached to the optical ferrule at the first attachment area. The passageway is dimensioned to constrain the optical waveguides to bend within the housing between the first attachment area and the second attachment area.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to configurable optical connectors andcomponents.

BACKGROUND

Optical signals are increasingly used to transfer information betweenand within electronic devices. While devices have become smaller, thenumber of components and the number of signals utilized by the deviceshas not decreased. Reduced device size limits the space available forconnectors that carry the optical signals.

BRIEF SUMMARY

According to some embodiments, a modular optical connector includes aplurality of coupled optical ferrule support modules. Each opticalferrule support module comprises module connecting features configuredto couple each ferrule support module with one or more neighboringferrule support modules of the plurality of ferrule support modules. Oneor more optical ferrules are disposed within and configured to rotatewithin the ferrule support module. Each optical ferrule includes a firstattachment area configured to attach to one or more optical waveguides.One or more passageways are disposed within the ferrule support module.Each passageway is configured to receive the one or more opticalwaveguides. The passageway comprises a second attachment area configuredto attach to the optical waveguides that are attached to the opticalferrule at the first attachment area. The passageway is dimensioned toconstrain the optical waveguides to bend within the housing between thefirst attachment area and the second attachment area.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an optical ferrule support module 100 for amodular optical connector in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 2 depicts an assembled modular optical connector having opticalferrule support modules stacked along two perpendicular axes inaccordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 3A shows an optical ferrule support module from the perspective oflooking into the interior volume along the mating axis;

FIG. 3B shows a side view of the optical ferrule support module of FIG.3A.

FIGS. 4A through 4D show optical ferrule support modules that are heldin proximity to one another by a frame;

FIG. 5A provides a perspective view of an optical cable subassemblysuitable for installation within the interior volume of an opticalferrule support module in accordance with some embodiments;

FIGS. 5B and 5C are cutaway views of portions of optical ferrulesfocusing on the light redirecting portions of the optical ferrules;

FIGS. 6A through 6C are a sequence of side view illustrations thatdepict two expanded beam optical ferrules before (FIG. 6A) during (FIG.6B) and after (FIG. 6C) mating;

FIGS. 6D and 6E illustrate top and bottom views, respectively, of anoptical ferrule having dust mitigation grooves on its mating surface inaccordance with some embodiments;

FIGS. 7A and 7B provide an example of non-independent rotation of theoptical ferrules within the interior of the support module where theferrule support module itself does not rotate;

FIG. 8 illustrates independent rotation of optical ferrules according tosome embodiments;

FIGS. 9A and 9B show an optical ferrule support module that comprises aninner floating support structure in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 9C shows an optical ferrule support module that includes an innersemi-floating ferrule support structure in accordance with someembodiments;

FIGS. 10A and 10B depict modular connectors comprising frames inaccordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 10C shows a side schematic view of an inner frame of an opticalferrule support module mated with a mating inner frame wherein the innerframe and mating inner frame include alignment features in accordancewith some embodiments;

FIGS. 11A through 11D and illustrate optical ferrule support moduleshaving partial sidewalls that expose curved passageways within thesupport modules in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 12 illustrates an optical ferrule support module having solidsidewalls in accordance with some embodiments;

FIGS. 13A and 13B show a modular connector comprising a frame and havingmultiple ferrule support modules as shown in FIGS. 11A through 11D;

FIG. 14 is a perspective illustration of mating modular opticalconnectors that each include a protective shroud;

FIG. 15A provides a side view of mating hermaphroditic modularconnectors wherein modular connector includes a removable protectivecover;

FIG. 15B is a side view of a modular connector having a removableprotective cover that includes cleaning features;

FIG. 16 is a side view of a modular connector having a hinged protectivecover; and

FIGS. 17A and 17B depict side views of modular connectors having springactuated retractable protective shrouds.

The figures are not necessarily to scale. Like numbers used in thefigures refer to like components. However, it will be understood thatthe use of a number to refer to a component in a given figure is notintended to limit the component in another figure labeled with the samenumber.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to optical connectors formed frommodular components. The modular components can be combined in differentarrangements to provide flexibility in connector configurations.

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an optical ferrule support module 100 for amodular optical connector in accordance with some embodiments. Theoptical ferrule support module 100 can be coupled or interlocked withother optical ferrule support modules to form the modular opticalconnector. FIG. 1A is an exploded view looking into the interior volume101 of the support module 100 along the x-axis. FIG. 1B is an explodedbottom view showing the ferrule support module 100 and module mounts150, 160.

The interior volume 101 of the ferrule support module 100 is dimensionedto receive one or more optical cable subassemblies (not shown in FIGS.1A and 1B), each optical subassembly comprising an optical ferruleattached to an optical waveguide at a ferrule attachment area. Theferrule support module 100 includes one or more passageways, e.g.,curved passageways, and/or other features that support the optical cablesubassemblies.

As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the ferrule support module 100 includesmodule connecting features 111, 112, 113, 114 configured to engage withcompatible module connecting features of a neighboring ferrule supportmodule (not shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B) or with compatible moduleconnecting features 151, 161 of connector mounts 150, 160. The moduleconnecting features 111, 112, 113, 114 may optionally be disposed at theexterior of one, two or more of the right 100 d, left 100 c, bottom 100b, and top 100 a sidewalls of the ferrule support module 100. Forexample, the module connecting features may be disposed on the exteriorof two parallel sidewalls, e.g., left and right sidewalls or top andbottom sidewalls. In some embodiments, the module connecting featuresmay be disposed on at least two adjacent sides and/or or at least twonon-parallel sides.

As shown, the module connecting features 111, 112, 113, 114 areinterlocking dovetail features, although it will be appreciated thatmany other types of mechanical features, e.g., pins and sockets,grooves, etc. could be used to interconnect the ferrule support modules.Additionally, or alternatively, features other than mechanicalinterlocking features, e.g., adhesive features, magnetic features, boltsor rivets, etc., could be used to connect the ferrule support modules100 together and/or to connect the ferrule support modules 100 to theconnector mounts 150, 160. FIG. 1A illustrates the module connectingfeatures comprising interlocking dovetail features including topprojection 114 at the top side 100 a of the ferrule support module 100,a bottom recess 113 at the bottom side 100 b of the ferrule supportmodule 100, a left side pin 112 at the left side 100 c of the ferrulesupport module 100, and a right side tail 111 at the right side 100 d ofthe ferrule support module 100.

In some applications, it is useful to mount the modular opticalconnector to a substrate such as a circuit board and/or backplane. Inthese applications, optical ferrule support modules 100 may be disposedbetween connector mounts 150, 160 that include flanges 153, 163 withholes 154, 164 for insertion of screws or other fasteners to attach theconnector mounts 150, 160 to the substrate (not shown).

As illustrated in FIG. 2, an assembled modular optical connector 200 mayinclude multiple optical ferrule support modules 100-1-100-4 that arestacked along two perpendicular axes, e.g., vertically and/orhorizontally as shown in FIG. 2. Each ferrule support module 100-1,100-2, 100-3, 100-4 is mechanically coupled by module connectingfeatures 111-114 to at least one neighboring ferrule support module. Forexample, in the illustrated embodiment, module 100-1 is mechanicallycoupled to horizontal neighbor 100-2 and vertical neighbor 100-4; module100-2 is mechanically coupled to horizontal neighbor 100-1 and verticalneighbor 100-3, etc. The top 114 and bottom 113 module connectingfeatures facilitate stacking the optical modules 100-1-100-4 verticallyalong the z-axis as shown in FIG. 2. Right side 111 and left side 112module connecting features facilitate stacking the optical modules100-1-100-4 horizontally along the y-axis.

The assembled modular connector 200 includes connector mounts 150, 160that include module connecting features 151, 152, 161, 162. Connectormount 150 is mechanically coupled to ferrule support module 100-4 bymodule connecting features 112-4 and 151; connector mount 160 ismechanically coupled to ferrule support module 100-3 by moduleconnecting features 111-3 and 161. The assembled modular connector 200may optionally include connector mounts 170, 180 without flanges.Non-flanged connector mount 170 includes module connecting feature 171and mount connecting feature 172. Non-flanged connector mount 180includes module connecting feature 181 and mount connecting feature 182.Engagement of feature 112-1 of module 100-1 and feature 171 mechanicallycouples the non-flanged connector mount 170 to ferrule support module100-1. Engagement of feature 152 and feature 172 mechanically couplenon-flanged connector mount 170 to flanged connector mount 150. Features111-2 and 181 mechanically couple the connector mount 180 to ferrulesupport module 100-2. Features 162 and 182 mechanically couplenon-flanged connector mount 180 to flanged connector mount 160. Theassembled modular connector may optionally include a top piece (notshown) that extends between connector mount 170 and connector mount 180.

FIG. 3A shows an optical ferrule support module 300 from the perspectiveof looking into the interior volume 301 along the mating axis (the xaxis as shown in FIG. 3A). FIG. 3B is a side view of the optical ferrulesupport module 300. The ferrule support module 300 is configured toprovide support for the optical cable subassemblies comprising opticalferrules 311-314 that are disposed within the interior 301 of theferrule support module 300. For example, in some embodiments, theferrule support module 300 may include support structures and/orattachment points for the ferrules and/or the waveguides attached to theferrules. Optical ferrules 311, 312, 313, 314 are configured to bedisposed within the interior volume 301 of the ferrule support module300 in such a way that the ferrules are able to rotate collectively orindependently around the lateral axis (y-axis) of the ferrule supportmodule 300. In some embodiments, the ferrules move rotationally aroundthe y-axis and translationally (e.g., along the x axis) collectively orindependently. Optionally, the ferrule support module 300 may includeone or more rough alignment features, such as a pin 341 and a socket 342as shown. The rough alignment pin 341 and socket 342 are compatible witha socket and pin of a mating optical ferrule support module. Engagementof pin 341 with a socket of the mating module and engagement of socket342 with a pin of the mating module serve to provide rough alignment ofthe ferrule support module 300 with respect to the mating supportmodule.

In some embodiments, the ferrule support modules need not haveinterlocking module connecting features as described above The ferrulesupport modules are held in proximity to one another in a horizontallyor vertically stacked orientation by a frame, as shown in FIGS. 4Athrough 4D. FIG. 4A is a view looking into a modular optical connector400; FIGS. 4B, 4C, and 4D are, respectively, perspective, top, and sideviews of the modular connector 400. Modular optical connector 400includes four ferrule support modules 410 held in a stacked orientationby frame 402. Each ferrule support module 410 has an interior volumewith four optical ferrules 411 disposed within the interior volume ofthe support module 410. Each support module includes support featuresthat hold the optical cable subassemblies, e.g., ferrules 411 and/orwaveguides 412. For example, the support features may hold the ferrules411 in fixed, floating, or semi-floating positions.

The frame 402 includes rough alignment features, e.g., sockets 406 andpins 405 that are arranged along the mating (x-) direction.

FIG. 5A provides a perspective view of an optical cable subassembly 500suitable for installation within the interior volume of an opticalferrule support module as described herein. The optical cablesubassembly 500 comprises an expanded beam optical ferrule 501 attachedto at least one optical waveguide 510. Although FIG. 5A illustrates anoptical ferrule 501 attached to an array 510 of individual waveguides510 a-510 p, it will be appreciated that in some embodiments, theoptical ferrule is configured to be attached to a single opticalwaveguide. An optical waveguide may be any optical element that cancarry an optical signal, e.g., polymer waveguide, fiber waveguide,single core waveguide, multi-core waveguide, single- or multi-modewaveguide, and may have any suitable cross sectional shape, e.g.,square, round, etc. In some embodiments, as discussed in greater detailbelow, the optical cable subassembly 500 includes a cable retainer 530that is spaced apart from the optical ferrule 501 and is attached to theoptical waveguides 510. The optical waveguides 510 a, b, c arepermanently attached to the optical ferrule 501 at a ferrule attachmentarea 508. In embodiments that include a cable retainer 530, the opticalwaveguides 510 are attached to the cable retainer 530 at the retainerattachment area 531.

The optical ferrule 501 is configured to mate, e.g., hermaphroditically,with another optical ferrule (not shown in FIG. 5A). The optical ferrule501 illustrated in FIG. 5A includes a mechanical mating tongue 516 andlight redirecting member 512. In some embodiments, the mechanical matingtongue 516 can have a tapering width along at least a portion of alength of the tongue portion as shown in the illustrations. In someconfigurations, the mechanical mating tongue 516 can extend outwardlyfrom the front of the ferrule support module (not shown in FIG. 5A).

The ferrule attachment area 508 includes a plurality of grooves 514,each groove being configured to accommodate a different opticalwaveguide 510 a-510 p. The grooves 514 are configured to receive anoptical waveguide 510 a-510 p and each optical waveguide 510 a-510 p ispermanently attached to a respective groove 514 at the ferruleattachment area 508, e.g., using an adhesive.

FIGS. 5B and 5C are cutaway views of portions of optical ferrules 550,560 focusing on the light redirecting portions of the optical ferrules550, 560. FIG. 5B illustrates the attachment of several opticalwaveguides 551 to the optical ferrule 550. Optical waveguides 551 arealigned in grooves 552 to which they are permanently attached at theferrule attachment area 553. The exit ends 554 of optical waveguides 551are situated so as to be able to direct light emanating from the opticalwaveguides 551 into the input side or face of light redirecting member555. Light redirecting member 555 includes an array of light redirectingelements 556, at least one for each optical waveguide 551 attached toferrule 550. For example, in various embodiments each light redirectingelement 556 comprises one or more of a prism, a lens, and a reflectingsurface.

FIG. 5C is a cutaway view of a portion of an optical ferrule 560 thatincludes a single light redirecting element 566, one waveguide alignmentmember, e.g., groove 562, and one optical waveguide 561. In thisillustration, optical waveguide 561 is aligned in groove 562 and may bepermanently attached to it. At the point of attachment, the fiber buffercoating and protective jacket (if any) have been stripped away to allowonly the bare optical waveguide (core and cladding) to lie aligned andpermanently affixed to groove 562. Light redirecting element 566includes light input side 567 for receiving input light from the opticalwaveguide (e.g., optical fiber) 561 disposed and aligned at thewaveguide alignment member 562. Light redirecting element 566 alsoincludes light redirecting side 568 that may include a curved surfacefor receiving light from the input side 567 along an input direction andredirecting the received light along a different redirected direction.The light redirecting element 566 also includes output surface or window569 that receives light from light redirecting side 568 of lightredirecting element 566 and transmits the received light as output lightalong an output direction toward a light redirecting member of a matinglight coupling unit.

FIGS. 6A through 6C are a sequence of side view illustrations thatdepict two expanded beam optical ferrules before (FIG. 6A) during (FIG.6B) and after (FIG. 6C) mating. The optical ferrules 610, 620 areattached to optical waveguides 611, 621 at ferrule attachment areas 613,623. A cable retainer (not shown) may be optionally attached to theoptical waveguides 611, 621, at a retainer attachment area. Duringmating, the mating surfaces 610 a, 620 a of the ferrules 610, 620 slideagainst each other. As the ferrules 610, 620 mate, they orient at apredetermined mating angle, θ, with respect to a mating axis (x axis) ofthe modular connector. Rotation of the optical ferrules 610, 620facilitates the development of a bend 612, 622 in the optical waveguides611, 621 between the ferrule attachment area 613, 623 and a secondattachment area of the optical waveguides (which may be a retainerattachment area or other attachment area) in the ferrule support module.The bend 612, 622 provides a predetermined amount of spring force tomaintain the optical ferrules 610,620 in the mated position. Dashed line699 shows the path of light carried by optical waveguide 611, to lightredirecting element 641 of optical ferrule 610, through the outputwindow of optical ferrule 610 to light redirecting element 651 ofoptical ferrule 620, and to optical waveguide 621.

Additional information regarding features and operation of opticalferrules, optical cable subassemblies and optical connectors isdiscussed in commonly owned U.S. Patent Application 61/710,077 filed onOct. 5, 2012 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Expanded-beam optical ferrules can be sensitive to small angular errors,e.g., on the order of about 0.1 degrees. Dust particles trapped betweenthe mating surfaces of optical ferrules can cause angular misalignmentthereby decreasing optical transmission efficiency. In some embodiments,the mating surface of an optical ferrule incorporates a series offeatures, e.g., grooves, posts or other features or patterns, configuredto capture particulate contaminates, such as dust, when the matingsurface of the optical ferrule contacts a corresponding mating surfaceof a mating ferrule. FIGS. 6D and 6E illustrate top and bottom views,respectively, of an optical ferrule 630 having dust mitigation grooves635 on its mating surface in accordance with some embodiments. Thegrooves 635 are configured and arranged to trap particulate contaminatesas the mating surface 631 of the optical ferrule 630 slides over themating surface of a mating ferrule. The mating surface 631 of theoptical ferrule 630 includes an optical output window 640 which extendsalong the lateral (y-) axis of the ferrule 630 and transmits light fromthe optical ferrule 630 to a mating ferrule. The grooves 635 (or otherdust mitigation features) may be located on one or both sides of theoutput window 640. As shown, the grooves 635 are oriented at an angle ofabout 45° with respect to the lateral axis (y axis) of the ferrule.

Additional information regarding dust mitigation features for opticalferrules is provided in commonly owned and concurrently filed U.S.Patent Application titled “Dust Mitigating Optical Connector,” which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Optical ferrules disposed within the interior of a ferrule supportmodule may rotate independently or together (non-independently) aroundthe lateral axis of the ferrule support module. FIGS. 7A and 7B providean example of non-independent rotation of the optical ferrules 712within the interior 701 of the support module 700 where the ferrulesupport module 700 itself does not rotate. In this example, the opticalferrules 712 are mechanically coupled together by ferrule couplingfeatures exemplified by a tab 713 inserted into a slot 714 of anadjacent ferrule 712. The ferrule coupling features 713, 714 ensure thatthe ferrules 712 rotate collectively and non-independently around the yaxis. FIGS. 7A and 7B respectively show the optical ferrules 712 rotatedaround the y axis so that the longitudinal axis 799 of the opticalferrules 712 makes an angle θ₇₁ (FIG. 7A) and an angle θ₇₂ (FIG. 7B)with respect to the mating axis, x, of the ferrule support modular 700.

FIG. 8 illustrates independent rotation of the optical ferrules 812-1,812-2, 812-3, 812-4. FIG. 8 provides an example of independent rotationof the optical ferrules 812-1, 812-2, 812-3, 812-4 within the interior801 of the support module 800 where the module 800 itself is held fixedand does not rotate. Each optical ferrule 812-1,812-2, 812-3, 812-4 isconfigured to rotate around the y axis independently from the rotationof any other ferrules 812-1, 812-2, 812-3, 812-4. In FIG. 8, opticalferrule 812-1 is shown rotated around the y axis such that thelongitudinal axis 899-1 of optical ferrule 812-1 makes an angle θ₈₁ withrespect to the mating axis, x, of the support module 800; opticalferrule 812-2 is shown rotated around the y axis such that thelongitudinal axis 899-2 of optical ferrule 812-2 makes an angle θ₈₂ withrespect to the mating axis, x, of the support module 800; opticalferrule 812-3 is shown rotated around the y axis such that thelongitudinal axis 899-3 of optical ferrule 812-3 makes an angle θ₈₃ withrespect to the mating axis, x, of the support module 800; and opticalferrule 812-4 is shown rotated around the y axis such that thelongitudinal axis 899-4 of optical ferrule 812-4 makes an angle θ₈₄ withrespect to the mating axis, x, of the support module 800. In thisparticular example θ₈₁≠θ₈₂≠θ₈₃≠θ₈₄.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show an optical ferrule support module 901 thatcomprises an inner floating support structure 910 with optical ferrules922 positioned within the inner floating support structure 910. Theinner floating support structure 910 may be held within the interior 902of the optical ferrule support module 901 by springs or other compliantfeatures 931-934 that allow some amount of translation along and/orrotation around x, y, and/or z axes. The inner support structure 910 canbe coupled to an interior of the sidewalls of the optical ferrulesupport module by compliant features 931-934. FIG. 9A shows a viewlooking into the interior 902 of the optical ferrule support module 901and inner floating support 910. FIG. 9B is a cutaway side view of theferrule support module 901.

In this example, the inner floating support 910 “floats” due to thecompliant features 931, 932, 933, 934 which allow some rotation of theinner floating support around the x, y, and z axes and/or sometranslation along the x, y, and z axes. In this embodiment, the innerfloating support 910 includes ferrule support features that support andhold the optical ferrules 922 so that the rotation and/or translation ofthe floating support 910 causes the ferrules 922 to move together, e.g.,non-independently. For example, the ferrules 922 may rotate together andnon-independently around the y axis. In some embodiments, the supportfeatures of the inner floating support 910 could alternatively beconfigured to allow for independent rotation and/or translation of theferrules. In other embodiments, the inner floating support 910 can besupported by optical waveguides attached to optical ferrules 922.

The inner floating support 910 optionally includes rough alignmentfeatures, such as a pin 941 and a socket 942 configured to align theinner floating support 910 with a compatible socket and pin of a matinginner floating support of a mating ferrule support module. Alternativelyor additionally, the alignment features may comprise side arms, e.g.,flexible side arms, as described in connection with FIG. 10C.

The ferrule support module 901 includes module connecting features 911,912, configured to engage with compatible module connecting features ofa neighboring ferrule support module (not shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B) orwith compatible module connecting features 151, 161 of one or moreconnector mounts 150, 160 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Module connectingfeatures 911 and 912 are shown at the left and right sides of theferrule support module 901 in FIG. 9A. Additionally, or alternatively,module connecting features may optionally be disposed at top and bottomsides of the ferrule support module 901 to allow for two dimensionalstacking of modules 901.

FIG. 9C shows an optical ferrule support module 950 that includes aninner ferrule support structure 960 (referred to as a “semi-floating”support structure) having limited movement when compared to the movementof the floating ferrule support structure described above. The innerferrule support 960 includes pins 962 inserted into holes 952 in theinner walls of the ferrule support module 950. In this configuration,the semi-floating inner ferrule support 960 can rotate around the yaxis, but rotation around the x and z axes and translation along the x,y, and z axes may be restricted. Alternatively, the inner walls of theferrule support module may have slots instead of holes, wherein theslots are configured to allow for some translation of the inner ferrulesupport 960 along the x, y and/or z axes.

FIGS. 10A and 10B depict modular connectors 1001, 1002 in accordancewith some embodiments. Modular connectors 1001, 1002 each include twointerconnected ferrule support modules 1011, 1012 disposed within afloating inner frame 1020, 1025. The floating inner frame 1020, 1025 isdisposed within the interior 1031 of a secondary frame 1030, 1035 of themodular connector 1001, 1002.

The ferrule support modules 1011, 1012 are configured to support one ormore optical ferrules 1015. Each ferrule support module 1011, 1012includes module connecting features 1013, 1014 configured to couple tothe module connecting features of a neighboring ferrule support moduleand/or to module connecting features 1021, 1022 of the inner frame 1020,1025. In this particular example, each ferrule support module 1011, 1012includes dovetail module connecting features comprising a projection1014 and recess 1013. The inner frame 1020, 1025 includes dovetailmodule connecting features comprising a projection 1021 and recess 1022.It will be appreciated that many other types of mechanical features,e.g., pins and sockets, grooves, bolts or rivets, and/or non-mechanicalfeatures, e.g., adhesives and/or magnetic features, could be used tointerconnect the ferrule support modules 1011, 1012 and/or to connectthe ferrule support modules 1011, 1012 to the inner frame 1020, 1025.

The inner frame 1020, 1025 is held within the interior 1031 of thesecondary frame 1030, 1035 by springs or other compliant features1041-1044 that allow some amount of translation along and/or rotationaround x, y, and/or z axes. Alternatively, the features 1041-1044 thathold the inner frame within the secondary frame may restrict translationalong and/or rotation around some axes while allowing translation alongand/or rotation around other axes.

In some embodiments, the ferrules 1015 may be held in a fixed positionwith respect to the inner frame 1020, 1025 such that rotation and/ortranslation of the inner frame 1020, 1025 causes the ferrules 1015 tomove together and non-independently. Alternatively or additionally, theferrules 1015 may be held within the ferrule support module 1011, 1012in a way that allows for independent movement of the ferrules 1015,e.g., rotation around the y axis.

As shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, the modular connector 1001, 1002 mayinclude rough alignment features that compatibly engage withcomplementary mating alignment features. Modular connector 1001 includesalignment features 1051, 1052 located on the inner frame 1020; modularconnector 1002 includes alignment features 1061, 1062 located on thesecondary frame 1030. The alignment features 1051, 1052, 1061, 1062 maycomprise two pins or two sockets for non-hermaphroditic embodiments, ormay comprise a pin and a socket for hermaphroditic embodiments. Variousother types of mechanical alignment features could alternatively beused, e.g. such as arms at the left and right or top and bottom sides ofthe inner frame.

FIG. 10C shows a side view of an inner frame 1080 mated with a matinginner frame 1090. The inner frame 1080 includes side arms 1081 thatextend from the left side 1082 and right side (not shown) of the innerframe 1080 and engage with the left side (not shown) and right side 1092of a mating inner frame 1090. Side arms 1091 extend from the left sideand right side 1092 of the mating inner frame 1090 and engage with leftside 1082 and right side of the inner frame 1080. In some embodiments,the side arms 1081, 1091 may be flexible.

FIGS. 11A through 11D and FIG. 12 illustrate optical ferrule supportmodules 1100, 1200 in accordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 11Athrough 11D depict an optical ferrule support module 1100 configured tohold optical cable subassemblies comprising optical ferrules andwaveguides within an open-sided structure wherein at least a portion ofthe passageways within the support module 1100 is exposed. FIG. 12depicts an optical ferrule support module 1200 configured to holdoptical cable subassemblies comprising optical ferrules and waveguideswithin a closed-sided structure wherein passageways within the supportmodule 1200 are not exposed. The open-sided optical ferrule supportmodule 1100 can allow for higher density packing of optical ferruleswithin a modular connector when compared to the ferrule density of theclosed-sided support structure 1200. Ferrule support modules 1100, 1200each include module connecting features, e.g., pins 1250 and sockets1260 located at top, bottom, left and/or right sidewalls. The pins 1250are configured to engage with a compatible socket of a mating ferrulesupport module and the sockets 1260 are configured to engage with acompatible pin of the mating ferrule support module. The moduleconnecting features 1250, 1260 can facilitate one dimensional or twodimensional stacking the ferrule support modules 1100, 1200 in themodular connector.

Returning now to FIGS. 11A through 11D, optical ferrule support module1100 includes passageways 1162 within the support module 1100 that aredimensioned to receive optical cable subassemblies 1170 comprisingoptical waveguides 1105 attached to optical ferrules 1171. Opticalferrule support module 1100 includes side walls, e.g., top 1101, bottom1102, left 1103, and right 1104 side walls, wherein one or more of theleft and right sidewalls 1103, 1104 is a partial sidewall that exposesat least a portion of the passageways 1162 within the optical ferrulesupport module 1100. When the ferrule support module 1100 is coupled toa neighboring support module via module connecting features 1250, 1260,the passageways 1162 of the ferrule support module 1100 become coveredby sidewall 1104 of the neighboring support.

The optical cable subassemblies 1170 shown in FIGS. 11A through 11D eachinclude a cable retainer 1150 attached to the waveguides 1105 of thecable subassembly 1170. Optionally, each of the optical cablesubassemblies 1170 includes a strain relief 1180. Each passageway 1162is dimensioned to receive and contain a section of an optical cablesubassembly 1170. The passageways 1162 each include a retainer mount1111 configured to receive the cable retainer 1150. The walls 1162 a,1162 b of the passageways 1162 between the retainer mount 1111 and thenon-mating end 1152 of the ferrule support module 1100 may be configuredto support the optical cable subassembly 1170 while the optical cablesubassembly 1170 is in an unmated position or is in a mated position.

In various embodiments, the passageways 1162 within the ferrule supportmodule 1100 may have any suitable shape or volume. The volume of apassageway 1162 is sufficient to allow the optical waveguides 1105 ofthe optical cable subassembly 1170 to develop a predetermined bend 1190that provides the mating spring force for the optical ferrule 1171. Thebend 1190 provides a spring force at the mating angle of the opticalferrule 1171 that maintains the optical ferrule 1171 in opticalcommunication with a mating optical ferrule 1191 when the opticalferrule 1171 is mated with an optical ferrule 1191 of a mating opticalferrule support module 1181 as illustrated by FIG. 11D.

The walls 1162 a, 1162 b of the passageways 1162 may have any convenientshape, and are shown in FIGS. 11A through 11D as curved walls in atleast the forward section 1155 a of the ferrule support module (betweenthe retainer mounts 1111 and the mating end 1151). The curved walls 1162a, 1162 b of passageways 1162 accommodate a gentle −z direction bend1190 of the plurality of optical waveguides 1105. In someimplementations, when the optical ferrule 1171 is mated with a matingoptical ferrule, the optical ferrule 1171 and the plurality of opticalwaveguides 1105 “float” within the passageways 1162 such that neitherthe optical waveguides 1105 nor the optical ferrule 1171 touch thecurved walls 1162 a, 1162 b or other surfaces of the passageway 1162 inforward section 1155 a of the ferrule support module.

The ferrule support module 1100 optionally includes one or more supportfeatures 1185 a,b at the mating end 1151 that support the opticalwaveguides 1105 and/or the optical ferrules 1171 so that the opticalferrules 1171 are in a position for mating. In some embodiments, theposition for mating may be angled with respect to the mating directionof the modular connector along the x axis as shown in FIG. 11A. Anoptical ferrule 1171 is in a mating position before it mates withanother optical ferrule after which (in some embodiments) the opticalferrule 1171 is in the “floating” mated position. In some embodiments,when in the mated position, the optical ferrule 1171 floats abovesupport feature 1185 b and below support feature 1185 a. In the exampleillustrated in FIGS. 11A through 11D, the support features 1185 a,bcomprise dual support arms that extend outwardly from the passageways1162.

The ferrule support module includes retainer mounts 1111 in passageways1162. Each retainer mount 1111 is configured to couple with a cableretainer 1150 of an optical cable subassembly 1170. The section of theferrule support module that includes the mating end 1151, as indicatedby arrow 1199 a, is referred to herein as the forward section 1155 a ofthe ferrule support module 1100. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS.11A through 11D, the mating end 1151 includes optical ferrule supportfeatures 1185 a, 1185 b. The section of the ferrule support module 1100that includes retainer mounts 1111 and the non-mating end 1152 of theferrule support module 1100, indicated by arrow 1199 b, is referred toherein as the rear section 1155 b of the ferrule support module 1100.Coupling the cable retainer 1150 to the retainer mount 1111 within theferrule support module 1100 fixes the position of the retainerattachment area 1113 of the optical cable subassembly 1170 within theferrule support module 1100, or at least fixes the position of theretainer attachment area 1113 within the rear section 1155 b of ferrulesupport module 1100, when the optical cable subassembly 1170 is in themated position.

In some embodiments, when the cable retainer 1150 is installed in theretainer mount 1111 and the optical cable subassembly 1102 is in theunmated position, there may be some movement (e.g., along the x and or zaxes shown in FIG. 11A) of the cable retainer 1150. When the opticalcable subassembly 1170 mates with a compatible optical cable subassemblyand is in the mated position, the position of the retainer attachmentarea 1113 of the optical cable subassembly 1170 is fixed by theinteraction of the cable retainer 1150 and the retainer mount 1111.Fixing the position of the retainer attachment area 1113 provides fordeveloping the bend 1190 and the spring force in the optical waveguides1105 such that the optical ferrule 1171 in the mated position is able tofloat. The optical ferrule 1171 and the optical waveguide 1105 are heldaway from the passageway walls 1162 a, 1162 b and/or the supports 1185by the spring force of the optical waveguides 1105 and the plurality ofoptical waveguides 1187 of a mating optical cable subassembly 1182 (asshown in FIG. 11D). In some embodiments, when the cable retainer 1150 iscoupled with the retainer mount 1111, the retainer attachment area 1113may be the only point of attachment of the optical cable subassembly1170 to the ferrule support module 1100. In the mated position, thecable retainer 1150 and the retainer mount 1111 support the opticalcable subassembly 1170 and attach the optical cable subassembly 1170 tothe ferrule support module 1100, fixing the position of the retainerattachment area 1113 within the ferrule support module 1100.

As illustrated in FIGS. 11A and 11B, the retainer mount 1111 can be aslot in the passageway 1162 dimensioned to hold the cable retainer 1150within the ferrule support module 1100. Although the cable retainer 1150is illustrated in FIGS. 11A through 11C as being attached to onewaveguide array 1105, in some embodiments, a cable retainer may beattached to multiple waveguides or to multiple waveguide arrays.Additional information regarding optical ferrules, alignment frames, andconnectors that may be used in conjunction with the latching approachesdescribed herein is provided in commonly owned and concurrently filedU.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/240,069, having the title “OpticalFerrules”, U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/240,066, having the title“Ferrules, Alignment Frames and Connectors,” U.S. Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/240,008, having the title “Optical Cable Assembly withRetainer,” all of which are all incorporated herein by reference.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show a modular connector 1300 comprising a frame 1301and having multiple ferrule support modules 1100, e.g., as described inFIGS. 11A through 11D, wherein the ferrule support modules 1100 arestacked within the frame 1301 along the lateral (y-) axis.

In various embodiments, the modular optical connector may include aprotective cover configured to protect the optical ferrules from damageor contamination. FIGS. 14 through 16 illustrate several protectivecover configurations. FIG. 14 is a perspective illustration of matingmodular optical connectors 1401, 1402. Modular optical connector 1401includes ferrule support module 1401 a and ferrule support module 1401b. Modular optical connector 1402 includes ferrule support module 1402 aand ferrule support module 1402 b. Each of the ferrule support modules1401 a, 1401 b, 1402 a, 1402 b are configured to support optical cablesubassemblies that include optical ferrules 1471. Ferrule supportmodules 1401 a and 1401 b, when interconnected, form a male protectiveshroud 1410. Ferrule support modules 1402 a and 1402 b, wheninterconnected, form a female protective shroud 1420. The protectiveshrouds 1410, 1420 extend over the optical ferrules 1471 to protectthem. In the illustrated embodiment, the protective shrouds 1410, 1420are fixed on the modular connectors 1401, 1402, and engage with themating protective shroud. A shroud may be disposed on the opticalferrule support modules, on the frame, or on the secondary frame of theconnector.

FIG. 15A provides a side view of mating hermaphroditic modularconnectors 1501, 1502. Modular connector 1501 includes multiple ferrulesupport modules 1519 laterally stacked along the y axis within frame1518 (only one of the ferrule support module 1519 is shown in FIG. 15A).Modular connector 1502 includes multiple ferrule support modules 1529laterally stacked along the y axis within frame 1528 (only one of theferrule support module 1519 is shown in FIG. 15A). Optical ferrules1571, 1572 are shown within the ferrule support modules 1519, 1529. Eachmodular connector 1501, 1502 includes a separate, removable protectivecover 1503, 1504 that is disposed over the mating end of the frame 1518,1528. In some embodiments, protective cover 1503 covers all of theoptical ferrule support modules 1519 held by frame 1518 and protectivecover 1504 covers all of the optical ferrule support modules 1529 heldby frame 1528. The protective covers 1503, 1504 are configured to bemanually removed before the modular connectors 1501, 1502 are mated.

FIG. 15B illustrates a side view of a modular connector 1503. Modularconnector 1503 includes multiple ferrule support modules 1519 laterallystacked along the y axis within frame 1518 (only one of the ferrulesupport module 1519 is shown in FIG. 15B). Optical ferrules 1571 areshown extending from the ferrule support module 1519. The modularconnector 1503 includes a separate, removable protective cover 1513 thatcan be disposed over the mating end of the frame entire frame 1518.Alternatively, separate removable protective covers can be individuallydisposed over each ferrule support module 1519. The protective cover(s)1513 are configured to be manually removed before the modular connectors1503 is mated to a mating connector. Protective cover 1513 includesself-cleaning features 1514 configured to slide against the matingsurfaces 1571 a of the optical ferrules 1571 when the cover 1513 isinstalled on the frame (or ferrule support module). The cleaningfeatures 1514 may include grooves (as previously discussed) or otherdust mitigation features.

FIG. 16 provides a side view of mating hermaphroditic modular connectors1601, 1602 having multiple optical ferrule support modules 1619, 1629disposed respectively in frames 1618, 1628. The optical ferrules 1671,1672 are shown extending from the ferrule support modules 1619, 1629.Each modular connector 1601, 1602 includes a protective cover 1603, 1604coupled to the frame 1618, 1628 by a hinge 1605, 1606. The protectivecovers 1603, 1605 can be moved via the hinges 1605, 1606 to expose thelight coupling units 1671, 1672 before modular connectors 1601, 1602 aremated.

FIGS. 17A and 17B depict side views of modular connectors 1701, 1702having spring actuated retractable protective shrouds. FIG. 17A showsthe position of the protective cover 1703 of modular connector 1701prior to mating. FIG. 17B shows the position of protective shrouds 1703,1704 after mating. The hermaphroditic modular connectors 1701, 1702 eachhave multiple ferrule support modules 1719, 1729 disposed within frames1718, 1728 and arranged along the y-axis. The optical ferrules 1771,1772 are shown extending from the ferrule support modules 1719, 1729.Each modular connector 1701, 1702 includes a retractable protectiveshroud 1703, 1704 actuated by a spring 1705, 1706. The protectiveshrouds 1703, 1705 are pushed back, compressing the springs 1705, 1706as the connector assemblies 1701, 1702 are mated.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes,amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claimsare to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term“about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numericalparameters set forth in the foregoing specification and attached claimsare approximations that can vary depending upon the desired propertiessought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing theteachings disclosed herein. The use of numerical ranges by endpointsincludes all numbers within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2,2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) and any range within that range.

Additional information regarding ferrules, alignment frames, andconnectors that may be used in conjunction with the approaches describedherein is provided in the following commonly owned and concurrentlyfiled U.S. Patent Applications which are incorporated herein byreference: U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/239,998, having the title“Connector with Latching Mechanism”; U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.62/240,069, having the title “Optical Ferrules”; U.S. Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/240,066, having the title “Ferrules, Alignment Frames andConnectors”; U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/240,010, having thetitle “Optical Coupling Device with Waveguide Assisted Registration”;U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/240,008, having the title “OpticalCable Assembly with Retainer”; U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.62/240,000, having the title “Dust Mitigating Optical Connector”; U.S.Patent Application Ser. No. 62/240,009, having the title “OpticalWaveguide Registration Feature”; U.S. Patent Application 62/239,996,having the title “Optical Ferrules and Optical Ferrule Molds”; U.S.Patent Application 62/240,002, having the title “Optical Ferrules withWaveguide Inaccessible Space”; and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.62/240,005, having the title “Hybrid Connectors”.

Items described herein include:

Item 1. A modular optical connector comprising:

a plurality of coupled optical ferrule support modules, each opticalferrule support module comprising:

-   -   module connecting features configured to couple each ferrule        support module with one or more neighboring ferrule support        modules of the plurality of ferrule support modules;    -   one or more optical ferrules disposed within and configured to        rotate within the ferrule support module, each optical ferrule        comprising a first attachment area configured to attach to one        or more optical waveguides; and    -   one or more passageways within the ferrule support module, each        passageway configured to receive the one or more optical        waveguides and comprising a second attachment area configured to        attach to the optical waveguides that are attached to the        optical ferrule at the first attachment area, the passageway        dimensioned to constrain the optical waveguides to bend within        the housing between the first attachment area and the second        attachment area.

Item 2. The connector of item 1, wherein the optical ferrule supportmodule includes first, second, third, and forth sidewalls and the moduleconnecting features are disposed on an exterior of at least twosidewalls.

Item 3. The connector of item 2, wherein the module connecting featuresare disposed on the exterior of at least two adjacent sidewalls.

Item 4. The connector of item 2, wherein the module connecting featuresare disposed on the exterior of at least non-adjacent sidewalls.

Item 5. The connector of item 2, wherein the module connecting featuresare disposed on the exterior of at least two parallel sidewalls.

Item 6. The connector of item 2, wherein the module connecting featuresare disposed on the exterior of at least two non-parallel sidewalls.

Item 7. The connector of any of items 1 through 6, wherein the opticalferrule support modules are stacked along two perpendicular axes.

Item 8. The connector of any of items 1 through 7, wherein the opticalferrules are configured to move both rotationally and translationallywithin the optical ferrule support module.

Item 9. The connector of any of items 1 through 8, wherein, duringmating, movement of the optical ferrules causes the optical waveguidesto bend further and the bend provides a predetermined spring force thatmaintains the optical ferrules in a mated position with mating opticalferrules.

Item 10. The connector of any of items 1 through 9, wherein the one ormore optical ferrules are configured to rotate together.

Item 11. The connector of any of items 1 through 10, wherein each of theone or more optical ferrules are configured to rotate independently fromother optical ferrules of the one or more optical ferrules.

Item 12. The connector of any of items 1 through 11, wherein eachoptical waveguide is attached to a strain relief feature.

Item 13. The connector of any of items 1 through 12, wherein eachpassageway in the optical ferrule support module includes curved wallsand each of one or more optical waveguides are disposed between thecurved walls of a passageway.

Item 14. The connector of any of items 1 through 13, wherein the opticalferrule support module further comprises arms extending from walls ofthe passageways, the arms configured to hold the optical ferrules in amating position, wherein the optical ferrules float above the arms whenthe optical ferrules are in the mated position.

Item 15. The connector of any of items 1 through 14, wherein eachoptical ferrule support module comprises alignment features configuredto align the optical ferrule support module with a mating opticalferrule support module.

Item 16. The connector of any of items 1 through 15, wherein:

each optical ferrule support module comprises an inner supportstructure; and

-   -   the passageways are disposed within the inner support structure.

Item 17. The connector of any item 16, wherein the inner supportstructure is coupled to an interior of the sidewalls of the opticalferrule support module by compliant features.

Item 18. The connector of item 16, wherein the inner support structureis coupled to an interior of the sidewalls of the optical ferrulesupport module by features that allow the inner support structure tomove translationally and rotationally.

Item 19. The connector of item 16, wherein the inner support structureincludes alignment features configured to align the inner supportstructure with a mating inner support structure.

Item 20. The connector of item 19, wherein the alignment featurescomprise a pin and socket.

Item 21. The connector of item 19, wherein the alignment featurescomprise flexible arms that engage with sides of the mating innersupport structure.

Item 22. The connector of any of items 1 through 21, wherein theplurality of coupled optical ferrule support modules are disposed withina frame.

Item 23. The connector of item 22, wherein the frame is disposed withina secondary frame.

Item 24. The connector of item 23, wherein the frame is coupled to thesecondary frame by compliant features.

Item 25. The connector of item 22, wherein the frame includes alignmentfeatures configured to align the frame with a mating frame.

Item 26. The connector of item 25, wherein the alignment featurescomprise a pin and a socket.

Item 27. The connector of item 25, wherein the alignment featurescomprise flexible arms that engage with sides of the mating frame.

Item 28. The connector of item 23, wherein the secondary frame includesalignment features configured to align the secondary frame with a matingsecondary frame.

Item 29. The connector of any of items 1 through 28, further comprisingend pieces coupled to the coupled optical ferrule support modules.

Item 30. The connector of item 29, wherein the end pieces includemounting features configured for mounting the coupled optical ferrulesupport modules to a substrate.

Item 31. The connector of any of items 1 through 30, wherein eachoptical ferrule support structure has a partial sidewall that exposesthe passageways within the optical ferrule support structure.

Item 32. The connector of any of items 1 through 31, further comprising:

at least one cable retainer attached to the one or more opticalwaveguides; and

a retainer mount within each passageway, the retainer mount configuredto receive the cable retainer, wherein reception of the cable retainerby the retainer mount provides the second attachment area of the one ormore optical waveguides.

Item 33. The connector of any of items 1 through 32, further comprisinga protective shroud positioned at a mating end of the modular opticalconnector and configured to protect the optical ferrules.

Item 34. The connector of item 33, wherein the shroud is a retractableshroud.

Item 35. The connector of any of items 1 through 34, further comprisinga protective cover positioned at a mating end of the modular opticalconnector and configured to protect the optical ferrules.

Item 36. The connector of item 35, wherein the cover is a hinged cover.

Item 37. The connector of item 35, wherein the cover includes cleaningfeatures that engage with mating surfaces of the optical ferrules whenthe cover is installed on the optical connector.

Item 38. The connector of any of items 1 through 37, wherein eachoptical ferrule includes dust mitigation features disposed on a matingsurface of the optical ferrule.

Various modifications and alterations of the embodiments discussed abovewill be apparent to those skilled in the art, and it should beunderstood that this disclosure is not limited to the illustrativeembodiments set forth herein. The reader should assume that features ofone disclosed embodiment can also be applied to all other disclosedembodiments unless otherwise indicated. It should also be understoodthat all U.S. patents, patent applications, patent applicationpublications, and other patent and non-patent documents referred toherein are incorporated by reference, to the extent they do notcontradict the foregoing disclosure.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A modular optical connector comprising: aplurality of coupled optical ferrule support modules, each opticalferrule support module comprising: module connecting features configuredto couple each ferrule support module with one or more neighboringferrule support modules of the plurality of ferrule support modules;opposing top and bottom walls, opposing side walls; and a plurality ofpassageways each passageway comprising opposing top and bottom curvedwalls separating the passageway from the other passageways in theplurality of passageways, one of the sidewalls being a partial sidewallexposing the plurality of passageways; and a plurality of optical cablesubassemblies, each optical cable subassembly comprising an opticalferrule attached to one or more optical waveguides in a first attachmentarea of the optical ferrule, each optical cable subassembly inserted ina corresponding passageway through the partial side wall such that theone or more optical waveguides float within the passageway with theoptical ferrule of the optical cable subassembly configured to rotatewithin the ferrule support module; wherein each passageway comprises asecond attachment area that is attached to the one or more opticalwaveguides of the optical cable subassembly inserted in the passageway,the passageway dimensioned to constrain the one or more opticalwaveguides to bend within the passageway between the first attachmentarea and the second attachment area.
 2. The connector of claim 1,wherein the module connecting features are disposed on an exterior of atleast two of the opposing top and bottom walls and the opposingsidewalls.
 3. The connector of claim 2, wherein the module connectingfeatures are disposed on the exterior of one of the opposing top andbottom wall and one of the opposing sidewalls.
 4. The connector of claim1, wherein the optical ferrule support modules are stacked along twoperpendicular axes.
 5. The connector of claim 1, wherein the opticalferrule of each optical cable subassembly is further configured to movetranslationally within the optical ferrule support module.
 6. Theconnector of claim 1, wherein, during mating, movement of the opticalferrules causes the optical waveguides to bend further and the bendprovides a predetermined spring force that maintains the opticalferrules in a mated position with mating optical ferrules.
 7. Theconnector of claim 1, wherein the optical ferrule of each optical cablesubassembly is configured to rotate independently from the opticalferrules of the other optical cable subassemblies.
 8. The connector ofclaim 1, wherein the optical ferrule support module further comprisesarms configured to hold the optical ferrules in a mating position,wherein the optical ferrules float above the arms when the opticalferrules are in the mated position.
 9. The connector of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of coupled optical ferrule support modules are disposedwithin a frame.
 10. The connector of claim 9, wherein the frame isdisposed within a secondary frame.
 11. The connector of claim 10,wherein the frame is coupled to the secondary frame by compliantfeatures.
 12. The connector of claim 1, wherein each optical cablesubassembly further comprises: at least one cable retainer attached tothe one or more optical waveguides; and a retainer mount within thecorresponding passageway, the retainer mount configured to receive thecable retainer, wherein reception of the cable retainer by the retainermount provides the second attachment area of the one or more opticalwaveguides.
 13. The connector of claim 1, further comprising aprotective shroud positioned at a mating end of the modular opticalconnector and configured to protect the optical ferrules.
 14. Theconnector of claim 1, wherein each optical ferrule includes dustmitigation features disposed on a mating surface of the optical ferrule.